James II succeeded Charles II on the throne. At first he was supported by the Tories, until he began to place Catholics in positions of authority in the army and university. In 1688 he became the father of a Catholic son and heir. James placed himself above the parliament so the Whigs and even the Tories in Parliament were alarmed; another civil war could happen. Parliament and William of Orange (mary’s husband) negotiated secretly and James, his wife and baby son were forced to escape to France. On January 1689 William and Mary became joint monarchs at the request of Parliament. A revolution had taken place;the monarch had been chosen by Parliament, not by divine right. This revolution had been without any fighting – it was known as the “Bloodless” or “Glorious” Revolution. The bill of right gave to parliament alone the right to raise taxes, pass laws and control an army. 1707: act of unit, Scotland was united with englad and lost its independence.
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War of Spanish Succession – Guerra di successione spagnola
The War of Spanish Succession was a conflict that lasted from 1701 to 1714. It ...